Selasa, 13 Oktober 2015

BUSINESS LETTER

NAMA : LARASATI HENDRO
NPM : 24112163
DOSEN : DEVI ARYANI
BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 1


1. Definition Of Business Letter

       A business letter is usually a letter from one company to another, or between such organizations and their customers, clients and other external parties. The overall style of letter depends on the relationship between the parties concerned. Business letters can have many types of contents, for example to request direct information or action from another party, to order supplies from a supplier, to point out a mistake by the letter's recipient, to reply directly to a request, to apologize for a wrong, or to convey goodwill.


2. Mention and explain the types of bssiness letter and the part

     The most important element you need to ensure in any business letter is accuracy. One of the aspects of writing a business letter that requires the most accuracy is knowing which type of business letter you are writing. A number of options are available for those looking to trade in business correspondence, and you will significantly increase your odds for getting a reply if you know the form you need to send.

1.     Letter of Complaint

       A letter of complaint will almost certainly result in an official response if you approach it from a businesslike perspective. Make the complaint brief, to the point and polite. Politeness pays off regardless of the extent of anger you are actually feeling while composing this type of business letter.

2.   Resume Cover Letter

      A cover letter that accompanies a resume should revel in its brevity. You should take as little time and as few words as possible to accomplish one task: persuading the reader to anticipate reading your resume. Mention the title of the job for which you are applying, as well or one or two of your strongest selling points.

3.   Letter of Recommendation

    A recommendation letter allows you to use a few well-chosen words to the effect of letting someone else know how highly you value a third party. Resist the temptation to go overboard; approach your recommendation in a straightforward manner that still allows you to get the point across.

4.    Letter of Resignation

     An official letter of resignation is a business letter that should be fair and tactful. Be wary of burning any bridges that you may need to cross again in the future. Offer a valid reason for your resignation and avoid self-praise.

5.    Job Applicant Not Hired

      In some cases you may be required to write a business letter that informs a job applicant that he was not chosen for an open position. Offer an opening note of thanks for his time, compliment him on his experience or education and explain that he was just not what the company is looking for at the present time.

6.    Declining Dinner Invitation

      Declining a dinner invitation is a topic for a business letter that, if not done tactfully, may result in a social disadvantage. Extend your appreciation for the invitation and mention that you already have an engagement for that date. Do not go into detail about what the engagement is.

7.    Reception of Gift
      It is very polite to return a formal business response letting someone know that you have received her gift. Extend a personalized thanks to let her know that you are exactly aware of the contents of the gift. If possible, it is a good idea to include a sentiment suggesting that you have put the gift to use.

8.    Notification of Error

      When sending a business letter that lets the receiving party know that an error has been corrected, it is good business sense to include a copy of the error in question if there is paperwork evidence of it. Make the offer of additional copies of material involved in the error if necessary.

9.   Thanks for Job Recommendation
     A letter of thanks for a party that helped you get a job should be professional and courteous. Above all else, avoid the temptation to go overboard in offering your thanks. Be aware that your skills also helped you land the job and it was likely not handed to you as a result of the third party.

10.   Information Request

    A business letter that requests information should make the request specific and perfectly understandable. It is also a good idea to state the reason for the information request. Extend advance appreciation for the expected cooperation of the recipient.


Parts 

1.  Letterhead

    Companies usually use printed paper where heading or letterhead is specially designed at the top of the sheet. It bears all the necessary information about the organisation’s identity.

2.  The date of the letter

    Date of writing. The month should be fully spelled out and the year written with all four digits October 12, 2005 (12 October 2005 – UK style). The date is aligned with the return address. The number of the date is pronounced as an ordinal figure, though the endings st, nd, rd, th, are often omitted in writing. The article before the number of the day is pronounced but not written. In the body of the letter, however, the article is written when the name of the month is not mentioned with the day.

3.  The Inside Address

     In a business or formal letter you should give the address of the recipient after your own address. Include the recipient’s name, company, address and postal code. Add job title if appropriate. Separate the recipient’s name and title with a comma. Double check that you have the correct spelling of the recipient ‘s name. The Inside Address is always on the left margin. If an 8 1/2″ x 11″ paper is folded in thirds to fit in a standard 9″ business envelope, the inside address can appear through the window in the envelope.

4.   The Greeting / Salutation

     Also called the salutation. The type of salutation depends on your relationship with the recipient. It normally begins with the word “Dear” and always includes the person’s last name. Use every resource possible to address your letter to an actual person. If you do not know the name or the sex of of your reciever address it to Dear Madam/Sir (or Dear Sales Manager or Dear Human Resources Director). As a general rule the greeting in a business letter ends in a colon (US style). It is also acceptable to use a comma (UK style).

5.  The Subject Line (optional)

    Its inclusion can help the recipient in dealing successfully with the aims of your letter. Normally the subject sentence is preceded with the word Subject: orRe: Subject line may be emphasized by underlining, using bold font, or all captial letters. It is usually placed one line below the greeting but alternatively can be located directly after the “inside address,” before the “greeting.”

6.  The Body Paragraphs

    The body is where you explain why you’re writing. It’s the main part of the business letter. Make sure the receiver knows who you are and why you are writing but try to avoid starting with “I”. Use a new paragraph when you wish to introduce a new idea or element into your letter. Depending on the letter style you choose, paragraphs may be indented. Regardless of format, skip a line between paragraphs.

7.  The Complimentary Close

     This short, polite closing ends always with a comma. It is either at the left margin or its left edge is in the center, depending on the Business Letter Style that you use. It begins at the same column the heading does. The traditional rule of etiquette in Britain is that a formal letter starting “Dear Sir or Madam” must end “Yours faithfully”, while a letter starting “Dear ” must end “Yours sincerely”. (Note: the second word of the closing is NOT capitalized).

8.   Signature and Writer’s identification

      The signature is the last part of the letter. You should sign your first and last names. The signature line may include a second line for a title, if appropriate. The signature should start directly above the first letter of the signature line in the space between the close and the signature line. Use blue or black ink.

9.   Initials, Enclosures, Copies

    Initials are to be included if someone other than the writer types the letter. If you include other material in the letter, put ‘Enclosure’, ‘Enc.’, or ‘ Encs. ‘, as appropriate, two lines below the last entry. cc means a copy or copies are sent to someone else.


3. Styles of business letter

  • Full Block
        Full block style is a letter format in which all text is justified to the left margin. In block letter style, standard punctuation is placed after salutations and in other headings. Open punctuation, however, refers to a modification of style where all nonessential punctuation is omitted. A few key factors will help you understand block style format and the difference that open punctuation makes.


  1. Return Address:  If your stationery has a letterhead, skip this. Otherwise, type your name, address and optionally, phone number. These days, it’s common to also include an email address. 
  2. Date: Type the date of your letter two to six lines below the letterhead. Three are standard. If there is no letterhead, type it where shown.
  3. Reference Line: If the recipient specifically requests information, such as a job reference or invoice number, type it on one or two lines, immediately below the Date.
  4. Special Mailing Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate.
  5. On-Arrival Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. You might want to include a notation on private correspondence.
  6. Inside Address:  Type the name and address of the person and/or company to whom you’re sending the letter, three to eight lines below the last component you typed. Four lines are standard.
  7. Attention Line: Type the name of the person to whom you’re sending the letter.
  8. Salutation: Type the recipient’s name here. Type Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don’t guess spelling or gender.
  9. Subject Line: Type the gist of your letter in all uppercase characters, either flush left or centered. Be concise on one line.
  10. Body: Type two spaces between sentences. Keep it brief and to the point.
  11. Complimentary Close: What you type here depends on the tone and degree of formality.
  12. Signature Block: Leave four blank lines after the Complimentary Close to sign your name. Sign your name exactly as you type it below your signature. Title is optional depending on relevancy and degree of formality.
  13. Identification Initials: If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters.
  14. Enclosure Notation: This line tells the reader to look in the envelope for more. Type the singular for only one enclosure, plural for more.
  15. cc: Stands for courtesy copies (formerly carbon copies). List the names of people to whom you distribute copies, in alphabetical order.

    • Semi-block style
    Semi-blok fromat: in a format this text parallel left and all paragraphs in the letter is indented. Format shape on this letter on letter head, date, complementary a close, and signature being in a position flattened right. In the layout uneven right, but can dibilangg flattened middle. Other parts on a letter as inside address, subject, salutation, body of letter, and enclosure if terdapatnya attachment letter,Being flattened on the left.



    Description:

         1.Kop Letter
         2. Date of preparation of letters
         3. Letter No.
         4. attachment
         5. case
         6. The letter addressed
         7. a word of salutation
         8a. Introduction letter
         8b. Explanation letter
         8c. The cover letter
         9. Greetings Closing
        10. Name of office
        11. signature
        12. Names to approach
        13. copy
        14. Attachment page letter / initials


    • Simplified-style
            Simplified-style business letters contain all the same elements as the full-block and semi-block letters. Like the full-block format, the simplified format left-justifies every line except for the company logo or letterhead. The date line is either slightly right of center or flush with the center of the page. Letters written in the simplified format have fewer internal sections, such as the body, salutation and date line.
      Using the simplified style is the most useful at times when you don’t have a recipient’s contact name. Because the simplified style does not require a salutation, you don’t need the person’s name. The simplified format does away with unneeded formality while maintaining a professional approach.

      • Hanging-Indented Style
             This very useful style places the first words of each paragraph prominently on the page. It is useful for letters that deal with a variety of different topics. However, for normal business communications, this style is very rarely used. The first line of the paragraph begins at the left-hand margin. And the other lines of the same paragraph are indented three to four spaces. This is the reversal of semi-indented style discussed in other page.



      Sumber : http://www.ehow.com/, http://www.studyenglishtoday.net/
                     https://hadi27.wordpress.com/
                     http://www.ryuseipengusahamuda.com/2015/10/softskill-english-business-1.html

      Senin, 12 Oktober 2015

      Tugas tentang badan usaha

      Tugas individu
      Nama : Larasati Hendro A. P
      NPM : 24112163
      Dosen : Mahisa Ajy Kusuma
      Mata Kuliah : Kewirausahaan Teknologi Informasi

      1. Sebutkan dan jelaskan jenis jenis badan usaha di indonesia


      Badan usaha adalah kesatuan yuridis (hukum), teknis, dan ekonomis yang bertujuan mencari laba atau keuntungan. Badan Usaha seringkali disamakan dengan perusahaan, walaupun pada kenyataannya berbeda. Perbedaan utamanya, Badan Usaha adalah lembaga sementara perusahaan adalah tempat dimana Badan Usaha itu mengelola faktor-faktor produksi.


      Koperasi
      Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang berlandaskan asas-asas kekeluargaan.


      BUMN
      Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) ialah badan usaha yang permodalannya seluruhnya atau sebagian dimiliki oleh Pemerintah. Status pegawai badan usaha-badan usaha tersebut adalah karyawan BUMN bukan pegawai negeri. BUMN sendiri sekarang ada 3 macam yaitu Perjan, Perum dan Persero.


      Perjan
      Perjan adalah bentuk badan usaha milik negara yang seluruh modalnya dimiliki oleh pemerintah. Perjan ini berorientasi pelayanan pada masyarakat, Sehingga selalu merugi. Sekarang sudah tidak ada perusahaan BUMN yang menggunakan model perjan karena besarnya biaya untuk memelihara perjan-perjan tersebut sesuai dengan Undang Undang (UU) Nomor 19 tahun 2003 tentang BUMN. Contoh Perjan: PJKA (Perusahaan Jawatan Kereta Api) kini berganti menjadi PT.KAI


      Perum
      Perum adalah perjan yang sudah diubah. Tujuannya tidak lagi berorientasi pelayanan tetapi sudah profit oriented. Sama seperti Perjan, perum di kelola oleh negara dengan status pegawainya sebagai Pegawai Negeri. Namun perusahaan masih merugi meskipun status Perjan diubah menjadi Perum, sehingga pemerintah terpaksa menjual sebagian saham Perum tersebut kepada publik (go public) dan statusnya diubah menjadi persero.


      Persero
      Persero adalah salah satu Badan Usaha yang dikelola oleh Negara atau Daerah. Berbeda dengan Perum atau Perjan, tujuan didirikannya Persero yang pertama adalah mencari keuntungan dan yang kedua memberi pelayanan kepada umum. Modal pendiriannya berasal sebagian atau seluruhnya dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan berupa saham-saham. Persero dipimpin oleh direksi. Sedangkan pegawainya berstatus sebagai pegawai swasta. Badan usaha ditulis PT < nama perusahaan > (Persero). Perusahaan ini tidak memperoleh fasilitas negara. Jadi dari uraian di atas, ciri-ciri Persero adalah:
      ▪ Tujuan utamanya mencari laba (Komersial)
      ▪ Modal sebagian atau seluruhnya berasal dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan yang berupa saham-saham
      ▪ Dipimpin oleh direksi
      ▪ Pegawainya berstatus sebagai pegawai swasta
      ▪ Badan usahanya ditulis PT (nama perusahaan) (Persero)
      ▪ Tidak memperoleh fasilitas negara


      Contoh perusahaan yang mempunyai badan usaha Persero antara lain:
      ▪ PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk.
      ▪ PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk.
      ▪ PT Brantas Abipraya (Persero)
      ▪ PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero)
      ▪ PT Angkasa Pura (Persero)
      ▪ PT Perusahaan Pertambangan dan Minyak Negara (Persero)
      ▪ PT Tambang Bukit Asam (Persero)
      ▪ PT Aneka Tambang (Persero)
      ▪ PT Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Persero)
      ▪ PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero)
      ▪ PT Pos Indonesia (Persero)
      ▪ PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero)
      ▪ PT Adhi Karya (Persero)
      ▪ PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero)
      ▪ PT Perusahaan Perumahan (Persero)
      ▪ PT Waskita Karya (Persero)
      ▪ PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero)

      BUMS
      Badan Usaha Milik Swasta atau BUMS adalah badan usaha yang didirikan dan dimodali oleh seseorang atau sekelompok orang. Berdasarkan UUD 1945 pasal 33, bidang- bidang usaha yang diberikan kepada pihak swasta adalah mengelola sumber daya ekonomi yang bersifat tidak vital dan strategis atau yang tidak menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak.


      sumber :
      Kraakman, Reinier H.; et al. (2004). Anatomy of Corporate Law: A Comparative and Functional Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926063-X.

      2. Jelaskan prosedur dan legalitas pendirian badan usaha tersebut
      Prosedur dan Legalitas adalah sebuah aturan atau syarat yang harus dipenuhi oleh setiap orang ataupun kelompok yang ingin membangun atau membentuk suatu badan usaha, baik pribadi, umum, ataupun korporasi. Dibawah ini akan saya berikan beberapa syarat atau prosedur dan legalitas yang harus dipenuhi.

      Sebelum masuk kedalam prosedur dan legalitas, saya akan bertanya kepada pembaca, apakah tujuan untuk mendirikan suatu badan usaha ?
      a) Untuk Hidup
      b) Bebas dan tidak terikat
      c) Dorongan Sosial
      d) Mendapat Kekuasaan
      e) Melanjutkan Usaha Orang Tua

      Nah itulah beberapa alasan orang atau suatu kelompok, tujuan apa yang mereka inginkan untuk mendirikan suatu badan usaha. Selanjutnya dalam membangun badan usaha ada beberapa factor yang harus dihadapi dalam pendirian badan usaha, yaitu :
      a) Barang dan Jasa yang akan dijual
      b) Pemasaran barang dan jasa
      c) Penentuan harga
      d) Pembelian
      e) Kebutuhan Tenaga Kerja
      f) Organisasi intern
      g) Pembelanjaan
      h) Jenis badan usaha yang akan dipilih, dll

      Badan Hukum Sebuah Perusahaan
      a) Sebuah Usaha yang dilindungi oleh hukum dan perundang-undangan yang berlaku pada suatu Negara 
      b) Memiliki hak dan kewajiban kepada Negara

      Proses Pendirian Badan Usaha
      a) Mengadakan rapat umum pemegang saham
      b) Dibuatkan akte notaris (nama-nama pendiri, komisaris, direksi, bidang usaha, tujuan perusahaan didirikan)
      c) Didaftarkan di pengadilan negeri (dokumen : izin domisili, surat tanda daftar perusahaan (TDP), NPWP, bukti diri (identitas pribadi)pendiri)
      d) Diberitahukan dalam lembaran negara (legalitas dari Kementerian Kehakiman)

      sumber


      Sabtu, 03 Oktober 2015

      tugas kewirausahaan teknologi informasi

      Nama : Larasati Hendro Aprilia Putri
      NPM : 24112163
      Kelas : 4KB05
      Dosen : Pak Mahisa Ajy Kusuma

      Artikel tentang Kewirausahaan Teknologi
      Belajar tentang kewirausahaan, langkah pertama adalah mengenali dengan benar apa yang dimaksud dengan kewirausahaan. Saat ini sudah banyak ahli yang mengemukakan pendapatnya, opininya mengenai apa itu yang dimaksud dengan kewirausahaan. Kewirausahaan adalah perihal wirausaha. Sementara pengertian wirausaha itu sendiri adalah orang yang pandai atau berbakat mengenali produk baru, menentukan cara produksi baru, menyusun operasi untuk pengadaan produk baru, memasarkannya, serta mengatur permodalan operasinya.

      Pertumbuhan kesadaran terhadap kewirausahaan harus selalu diikuti dengan perkembangan teknologi serta inovasi-inovasi baru setiap saat. Pengembanagan teknologi dapat terjadi pada semua aspek dalam kehidupan, baik pada sektor komunikasi, kesehatan, pertahanan, multimedia serta aspek-aspek lainnya. Dengan adanya perkembangan teknologi yang mengiringi kewirausahaan, disertai dengan inovasi, maka dapat terbentuk kombinasi-kombinasi yang dapat menguntungkan suatu usaha. Konsep terpadu antara teknologi, inovasi dan kewirausahaan inilah yang umum disebut sebagai technopreneur.



      sumber : http://www.itb.ac.id/news/3992.xhtml